中华豪门—古建之柱，千年不倒

本期编辑/开鸿顺

KaiHongShun Studio

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中国古代建筑装饰繁复，而支撑起房子重量的，便是由梁与柱这一横一竖结构组成的屋架。柱是中国古代建筑中最重要的构件之一。今天一起深入认识一下“柱”家族。

The decoration of ancient Chinese buildings is complex, and the roof truss that supports the weight of the house is composed of a horizontal and vertical structure of beams and columns...

柱作为竖向木结构构件，与横向的木结构构件梁、檩、枋等结合，组成了屋架。柱是一种垂直而承受顶部荷载的构件，是中国古代建筑中最重要的构件之一。中国古代建筑能做到“墙倒屋不塌”，主要是柱子的功劳。

As a vertical wooden structure member, the column is combined with the horizontal wooden structure member beams, purlins, braces, etc. to form the roof truss. The column is a vertical component that bears the top load, and is one of the most important components in ancient Chinese architecture.

中国古代的柱子多数为木造，属于大木作范围。为防水、防潮，木柱下垫以石质柱础。在中国建筑中，横梁直柱，柱阵列负责承托梁架结构及其他部分的重量，如屋檐，在主柱与地基间，常建有柱础。

In ancient China, most of the pillars were made of wood, belonging to the scope of large wooden work. In order to prevent water and moisture, the wooden column is padded with stone column foundation.

另外，也有其他较小的柱，不置于地基之上，而是置于梁架上，以承托上方物件的重量，再透过梁架结构，把重量传至主柱之上。例如脊瓜柱或蜀柱，是在梁架之上承托部分屋檐的重量。

In addition, there are other smaller columns, which are not placed on the foundation, but on the beam frame to support the weight of the objects above, and then transmit the weight to the main column through the beam frame structure.

柱子和其他大部分建筑构件一样，有丰富的品类和一定的发展过程根据柱子在建筑中的位置，可以将它分为檐柱、金柱、中柱、童柱、瓜柱、角柱、廊柱等。

Like most other building components, columns have rich categories and certain development process. According to their position in the building, they can be divided into cornice columns, gold columns, middle columns, child columns, melon columns, corner columns, colonnade columns, etc.

柱子的分类

1、按截面形状分方柱、圆柱、八菱形柱、六菱形柱。

1. According to the section shape, it is divided into square column, column, octagonal column and hexagonal column.

2、按柱子的材质分木柱、石柱、砖柱。

2. According to the material of the column, it is divided into wooden column, stone column and brick column.

3、按长细比分长柱、短柱、中长柱。

3. According to the slenderness ratio, long columns, short columns and medium-long columns are divided.

4、按外形分直柱、梭柱。

4. According to the shape, it is divided into straight column and shuttle column.

按柱的功能、位置等分类

按柱的功能、所处位置等分类的，不胜枚举，下面选列几种常被提及的柱子：

Classified by the function and location of the column, it is too numerous to enumerate. Here are some commonly mentioned columns:

1、檐柱

檐柱称廊柱，建筑物檐下最外一列支撑屋檐的柱子，也叫外柱。多用于重檐或重檐带平坐的建筑，支撑挑出较长的屋檐及角梁翼角等。

Eave columns are called colonnades, and the outermost column supporting the eaves under the building eaves is also called outer columns. It is mainly used for buildings with double eaves or double eaves with flat seats, supporting and projecting long eaves and corner beams and wing angles.

柱子有石质、木质之分，断面则有圆、方之分，通常为方形，且柱径较小。

The columns are divided into stone and wood, and the section is divided into round and square, usually square, and the column diameter is small.

2、角柱

角柱位于建筑角部、与柱的正交的两个方向各只有一根框架梁与之相连接的框架柱。简单地说在建筑物四角的柱子。需要注意的是角柱可以看做是从概念设计的角度出发，对结构的薄弱部位给予加强。所以角柱在计算、抗震构造等方面都有特殊规定。

The corner column is located at the corner of the building, and there is only one frame beam connected to the frame column in the two orthogonal directions of the column. Simply put, the columns at the four corners of the building.

3、金柱

金柱也称老檐柱，在檐柱以内，中线以外的柱子，多用于带外廊的建筑。进深（进深：由门口向屋里延伸的深度）较大的房屋依位置不同又有外围金柱和里内金柱之分。

Gold columns are also called old eaves columns. The columns inside the eaves columns and outside the central line are mostly used in buildings with veranda. Depth (depth: the depth extending from the door to the house) Larger houses can be divided into outer gold pillars and inner gold pillars according to their location.

另外，金柱又是除檐柱、中柱和山柱以外的柱子的通称。

In addition, the golden column is also the general name of the columns except the eaves column, the middle column and the mountain column.

4、山柱

山柱在硬山或悬山式房屋建筑的山墙内，正中支撑屋顶的柱子。

The pillar supporting the roof in the middle of the gable of a flush gable roof or mountain overhanging building.

5、中柱

中柱也称脊柱，在建筑物纵向定位轴线的中线上支撑屋脊的柱子。

The central column, also known as the spine, is a column supporting the roof ridge on the central line of the longitudinal positioning axis of the building.

6、瓜柱

瓜柱立于大梁上用来支承上面梁架的短柱，称为瓜柱，有的称为“童柱”。其高度大于其直径。

The short column standing on the girder to support the upper beam frame is called melon column, and some are called "child column". Its height is greater than its diameter.

7、蜀柱

蜀柱又称脊瓜柱、侏儒柱，在屋脊部位的三架梁上，用来支撑脊檩的短柱，也叫“脊瓜柱或脊童柱”。

Shu column, also known as ridge melon column and dwarf column, is a short column used to support the ridge purlin on the three beams at the roof ridge, also known as "ridge melon column or ridge child column".

8、驼峰：宋式建筑名词，系用在两层梁之间的垫块，配合斗拱承托梁栿的构件，因起外形似骆驼之背，故名之。驼峰有全驼峰和半驼峰之分。全驼峰又有鹰嘴、掐瓣、戾帽、卷云多种形式，半驼峰比较少见。在清式建筑中，驼峰则称之为“柁橔”，其高度小于直径，当高度大于直径时，则称为“瓜柱”。

8. Hump: a term used in Song style architecture. It refers to the cushion block between two beams and the component supporting the beam of arch of wooden architecture. It is named because it looks like the back of a camel. Hump can be divided into full hump and half hump.

9、柱础

柱础俗又称磉盘，或柱础石。古代为使落地屋柱不受潮，在柱脚下添了一块石墩，使柱脚与地坪隔离，起到绝对的防潮作用。同时，又是承受屋柱压力的垫基石，柱下的基础，凡是木架结构的房屋，可谓柱柱皆有，缺一不可。

The column foundation is also known as the stone plate, or the column foundation stone. In ancient times, a stone pier was added at the foot of the column in order to keep the landing roof column from being damp, so as to isolate the column foot from the floor and play an absolute moisture-proof role.

10、柱櫍

柱櫍或称柱珠，它是柱身与柱础过渡部分，因为柱子多为木制，水分易顺着竖向的木纹上升而影响木柱的耐久质量，“櫍”的纹理为横向平置，可有效防止水分顺纹上升，起到保护柱身的作用。“櫍”一般呈扁鼓形，材质有石、木两种。

The column?, or column bead, is the transition part between the column body and the column base. Because the columns are mostly made of wood, water can easily rise along the vertical grain and affect the durability of the wooden column.

11、梭柱

柱子上下两端（或仅上端）收小，梭形。

The upper and lower ends (or only the upper end) of the column are shrunk and shuttle shaped.

12、垂柱

垂柱上端功用与檐柱相同，用于垂花门或牌楼门的四角上，下部悬空，端头上常有莲花雕饰，故常称垂莲柱。

The function of the upper end of the hanging column is the same as that of the eaves column. It is used on the four corners of the hanging flower door or the archway door. The lower part is suspended in the air. The end is often decorated with lotus flowers, so it is often called the hanging lotus column.

13、牛腿柱

牛腿柱在古建筑中，牛腿和雀替是相似而又不完全相同的构件。雀替是指位于柱与横梁之间的撑木，它既可以起到传承力的作用，又可以起到装饰的作用。相当于现代建筑中混凝土加腋梁中的加腋部份。

In ancient architecture, corbel and sparrow are similar but not identical components. Queti refers to the brace between the column and the beam. It can not only play the role of inheritance, but also play the role of decoration. It is equivalent to the haunched part of the concrete haunched beam in modern architecture.

牛腿在有的地方又叫“马腿”，也是指从柱中伸出的一段短木，它一般只起装饰的作用而不起传承力的作用。但在有些地方和有些资料中，牛腿和雀替两者是混称的。

In some places, corbel is also called "horse leg". It also refers to a short piece of wood extending from the column. It generally only serves as decoration, not as inheritance. However, in some places and in some materials, the two are mixed.