中华豪门—古建构件—无雀替不成中华建筑

本期编辑/开鸿顺

KaiHongShun Studio

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雀替，是在中国古代建筑中，梁、枋与柱子之间的一个三角形的构件，就是那个跟翅膀一样的东西，其上多雕刻花鸟、龙凤、祥云等。

Queti is a triangular component between beams, architraves and columns in ancient Chinese architecture. It is the same thing as wings. It is mostly carved with flowers and birds, dragons and phoenixes, and auspicious clouds.

它的存在本来是为了减少梁、枋与柱相接处的向下剪力，防止横竖构材间的角度之倾斜——三角形的稳定性嘛，发展到后期却变化出了多种花样，早已超过了力学上的意义，而成了中国古建的重要组成部分，大有无雀替不成中华建筑之感。

Its existence was originally to reduce the downward shear force at the junction of beams, braces and columns, and prevent the inclination of the angles between the horizontal and vertical members - the stability of the triangle, but in the later stage, it has changed into a variety of patterns.

尤其是清代，雀替的结构和花样都到了登峰造极的地步，形成了七大样式，分别是：雀替、大雀替、小雀替、通雀替、骑马雀替、花牙子和龙门雀替。

Especially in the Qing Dynasty, the structure and pattern of Queti reached the peak, and formed seven patterns, namely, Queti, Grand Queti, Little Queti, Tongque, Riding Queti, Huayazi and Longmen Queti.

第一：雀替，这个也是我们平时在故宫建筑中最常见到的，在梁、枋与柱子之间，用暗销插入柱内。清代规定，官样建筑中雀替的长度占开间（柱子和柱子之间）宽度的四分之一。

First: Queti, which is also the most common thing we usually see in the Forbidden City buildings, is inserted into the columns with dowels between beams, braces and columns. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, the length of the sparrow in the official buildings accounts for a quarter of the width of the bay (between the columns).

第二：大雀替，它是将两个雀替连成一块，整木雕成，如此长度也翻倍，所以称之为大雀替。而且一般的雀替是从侧面插入柱内，它则是直接安在柱子的上头，承托起梁、枋的重量，跟一般雀替相比，它在力学上的作用更加突出。大雀替主要出现在西藏、青海等地区的喇嘛庙，其他古建中很罕见。

The second is the Great Bird's Nest. It is made of two bird's nests and carved into a piece of wood. The length is doubled, so it is called the Great Bird's Nest. Moreover, the general Queti is inserted into the column from the side, and it is directly installed on the top of the column to support the weight of beams and braces.

第三：小雀替。相对于北方抬梁式建筑的粗梁大柱而言，江南建筑较多采用穿斗式结构，扁梁细柱，而且梁柱数量又多，所以单个梁柱之间向下的剪力比较小，这时候雀替的存在在力学上的作用较小，更多是装饰作用，通常做得纤细小巧，厚度也比较薄，所以叫做小雀替。

Third: Little Bird. Compared with the thick beams and columns of the northern beam-lifting buildings, the buildings in the south of the Yangtze River mostly adopt the bucket structure, the flat beams and thin columns, and the number of beams and columns is large, so the downward shear force between the single beams and columns is relatively small.

第四：通雀替。这个跟大雀替类似，由整木雕成，两雀替连在一块。区别是：大雀替是直接安在柱子的上头，而通雀替却是夹在柱子之间，由于它安装时打通了柱子，所以叫通雀替。通雀替一般用在室内，这也是它区别于其他雀替的一个标志。

Fourth: Tong Queti. This is similar to the Great Bird's Nest. It is carved from the whole wood. The two bird's nests are connected together. The difference is that the Great Bird's Nest is directly installed on the top of the column, while the Great Bird's Nest is sandwiched between the columns.

第五：骑马雀替。有时柱子和柱子相隔太近，两根柱子中间的宽度无法容纳下两个雀替，只能尖与尖对连在一起变成一个雀替，从而形成了一种马鞍的形状，这种马鞍形的雀替就叫做骑马雀替。

Fifth: riding a horse for a bird. Sometimes the columns are too close to each other, and the width between the two columns cannot accommodate the next two finches. The only way is to connect the tip with the tip to form a finch, thus forming a saddle shape. This saddle-shaped finch is called riding finch.

第六：花牙子。镂空雕刻或者用细棂条拼接在一起的雀替，比较脆弱，完全没有力学上的作用，只是用来装饰，就像它的名字一样，只是做个花样。

Sixth: Hua Yazi. The sparrow, which is carved out or spliced together with thin mullions, is relatively fragile and has no mechanical function at all. It is only used for decoration, just like its name, just to make a pattern.

柱与柱之间距离过短时，会把两个花牙子做成一块，这时它跟骑马雀替很像，也是马鞍形的，二者区别不是太明显，主要是看镂空的程度，花牙子镂空程度更夸张；

If the distance between columns is too short, the two flower teeth will be made into a piece. At this time, it is very similar to the horseback sparrow, and it is also saddle-shaped. The difference between the two is not too obvious. The main reason is that the hollowing degree of flower teeth is more exaggerated;

柱与柱之间距离太长时，做花牙子的话，会将整木镂空雕成、或者细棂条拼成多个雀替连在一起的样子，悬挂在檐额下，这种花牙子又称“挂落”。

When the distance between columns is too long, the whole wood will be hollowed out and carved, or the thin mullions will be assembled into several sparrows and hung under the eaves, which is also called "hanging down".

第七：龙门雀替，这个主要用在牌楼上，而且比一般的雀替多了很多小零件，比如云墩、梓框、三福云等。尤其是从外到内插在其上的三福云，是龙门雀替最醒目的一个标志。

Seventh: Longmen Queti, which is mainly used on archways, has many more small parts than ordinary Queti, such as Yundun, Zibo, Sanfuyun, etc. In particular, the Sanfu Cloud, which is inserted on it from outside to inside, is the most striking symbol of Longmen Queti.

龙门雀替图解

雀替的结构样式就是这七种了，看完本文后，下次再欣赏中国古代建筑时，你应该就不会忽略梁柱之间这一个小小的构件了吧。

These are the seven structural styles of Queti. After reading this article, the next time you appreciate ancient Chinese architecture, you should not ignore this small component between beams and columns.